Autor: Petra Tabarelli

The origin of the IFAB and its changing rules and regulations

Veröffentlicht von Petra Tabarelli

This article treat the founding period of the IFAB during the years 1882 to 1886. The International Football Association Board, or IFAB for short, discusses the football rules at the first of its two annual meetings in February or March each year. This is for its members, namely the associations of England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland (until 1921 Ireland) and all member associations of FIFA, which was founded in 1904. Not all FIFA members are represented, but four of them. The four FIFA representatives can only vote en bloc, the four representatives from England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland separately. A two-thirds majority is required for rule changes so that neither FIFA nor the four founding members of the IFAB can outvote each other. Changes to the rules of the game will come into force on 1st July. The IFAB was founded in London on 2nd June 1886 by the associations of England (FA), Scotland (SFA), Ireland (IFA) and Wales (FAW). Already on 6th December 1882 there was a meeting of these four federations in …

The development of the FA Rules from 1863 to 1882

Veröffentlicht von Petra Tabarelli

In 1863 the FA was founded in London. The annual general meetings of the members [1]From 1876 an entrance fee of 5s was due; the annual fee until 1868 was 1 guinea, then another 5s – the latter was about the weekly wage of a worker. there was a board (chairman, secretary, treasurer) as well as a committee whose size changed in the first twenty years (1863: 4 – 1868: 10 – 1872: 17 – 1880: 16). The FA members were forbidden to play games against non FA members and to use other rules than the FA Rules. These were valid until 1874, from their decision in September (until 1865) and February (1866-1874) respectively. From 1874 they became valid at the beginning of the coming season in the autumn of the same year. In contrast to the evaluation of the Sheffield Rules, here I do not proceed chronologically, but (rule) thematically. I hope that this will make it easier for you to read. At this point I would also like to refer to the study …

Die Entwicklung der FA Rules von 1863 bis 1882

Veröffentlicht von Petra Tabarelli

1863 wurde die FA in London gegründet. Den jährlichen Generalversammlungen der Mitgliedervereine [1]Ab 1876 war eine Eintrittsgebühr von 5s fällig; die Jahresgebühr lag bis 1868 bei 1 guinea, dann bei weiteren 5s – letzteres war etwa der Wochenlohn eines Arbeiters. stand ein Vorstand (Vorsitzender, Schriftführer, Kassierer) sowie ein Komitee vor, dessen Größe sich in den ersten zwanzig Jahren wandelte (1863: 4 – 1868: 10 – 1872: 17 – 1880: 16). Den FA-Mitgliedern war es verboten, Spiele gegen Nicht-FA-Mitglieder zu spielen und andere Regeln zu benutzen als die FA Rules. Diese hatten bis 1874 Gültigkeit ab ihrem Beschluss im September (bis 1865) bzw. Februar (1866-1874). Ab 1874 wurden sie zum Beginn der kommenden Saison im Herbst des gleichen Jahres rechtskräftig. Im Gegensatz zur Auswertung der Sheffield Rules gehe ich hier nicht chronologisch, sondern (regel-)thematisch vor. Ich erhoffe mir so eine bessere Lesbarkeit für euch. An dieser Stelle möchte ich auch auf die Studie von Tony Brown von 2011 [2]Vgl. Brown, Tony: The Football Association 1863-1883. A Source Book. Nottingham 2011. aufmerksam machen, die die gleiche Untersuchung …

The most desirable code oder The manly game of football? Diskussionen über die ersten FA Rules

Veröffentlicht von Petra Tabarelli

Bevor das Regelwerk der Football Association am 8. Dezember 1863 verabschiedet wurde, gab es fünf Treffen, um die Statuten und das Regelwerk für diesen Verband von Fußballclubs festzulegen; ein Regelwerk, das für alle Mitglieder bindend sein sollte. Die Treffen Zwischen dem 26. Oktober und 8. Dezember 1863 fanden sechs Treffen statt, alle in der Freemasons‘ Tavern in London, nämlich am 26.10., 10.11., 17.11., 24.11., 1.12. und schließlich am 8.12. Die Leitung oblag dem späteren FA-Vorsitzenden Arthur Pember. Bei dem ersten Treffen waren 14 Vereine, beim letzten acht Vereine vertreten, da sieben Vereine vorzeitig wieder aus dem Verband austraten, ein anderer später hinzukam. Insgesamt 44 Vereinsvertreter nahmen an den Versammlungen teil, aber nur sechs blieben ab 1864 in die FA involviert [1]http://www.scottishsporthistory.com/uploads/3/3/6/0/3360867/meeting_attendees.pdf. Am 24. November 1863 gab es das vierte Treffen und die Gründung der FA wäre durchaus schon an diesem Tag möglich gewesen, wäre es nicht zu Diskussionen um running und hacking, d.h. um das Laufen mit dem Ball in der Hand und um das gezielte Treten gegen einen Gegenspieler gekommen. Cambridge Rules als Vorbild? …

Sheffield FA und London FA 1877

Veröffentlicht von Petra Tabarelli

In der Darstellung der Sheffield FA Rules ist es schon angeklungen: 1877 übernahm die Sheffield FA die FA Rules, nachdem über mehrere Jahre immer wieder versucht wurde, Kompromisse zu finden. Es gab immer wieder Treffen, insbesondere zwischen John Charles Shaw und Charles William Alcock. Es gab Annährungsversuche und offene Dissonanzen zwischen den beiden Verbänden über die Regeln für Assoziationsfußball. Auch war immer ein Vertreter des Sheffield FC, ab 1867 der Sheffield FA bei den jährlichen Generalversammlungen der FA in London anwesend und auch im Komitee vertreten. Ich weiß aber aktuell nicht, wie die Beziehung von Sheffield FC bzw. FA zur Londoner FA waren, denn alle Mitglieder mussten zwingend nach FA Rules spielen, was in Sheffield ja nicht praktiziert wurde. • Beide organisierten für den 2. Dezember 1871 mit Sir John Charles Clegg auch ein Spiel zwischen Auswahlen beider Verbände, um die Regeln des anderen auszuprobieren. Shaw und Alcock waren die Kapitäne der beiden Auswahlen. Man kam aber noch zu keiner Einigung. 1872 übernahm aber die FA den Eckstoß der Sheffield FA Rules. 1875 kam es nicht …

Sheffield FA and London FA 1877

Veröffentlicht von Petra Tabarelli

In 1877 the Sheffield FA adopted the FA Rules after several years of trying to find compromises. Between 1863 and 1877, there were meetings again and again, especially between John Charles Shaw and Charles William Alcock. There were attempts at rapprochement and open dissonances between the two associations on the rules for association football. A representative of Sheffield FC, from 1867 the Sheffield FA, was always present at the annual general meetings of the FA in London and also represented on the committee. But I don’t know what the relationship of Sheffield FC or FA to the London FA was like, because all members had to play according to FA Rules, which was definitely not practiced in Sheffield. (If you know it, please use the comments.) Sheffield FA and Football Association organized a game for December 2, 1871 with Sir John Charles Clegg, a game between selections of both associations to try out the rules of the other. Shaw and Alcock were the captains of the two selections. But no agreement was reached yet. But …

Die Entwicklung der Sheffield Rules

Veröffentlicht von Petra Tabarelli

Ich bin in diesem Monat auf diese Seite gestoßen, die mehrere Sheffield Rules aufführt. Mehr als nur die vier, die ich bislang genutzt habe. So habe ich die verschiedenen Regeln und die knappe Geschichte der Sheffield FA Rules nun aktualisieren können. Hier soll es nun etwas ausführlicher das Regelwerk aus Sheffield dargestellt werden, aber natürlich nicht so ausführlich, wie es diverse Bücher behandeln, die den Sheffield FC in seinen Anfängen betrachtet. Es ist die Ausarbeitung meines Vergleichs. Meinen ersten Fehler, der mir bei der Analyse ins Auge stach war, dass die Sheffield FA nicht gleichzeitig mit dem Sheffield FC gegründet wurde, sondern erst 1867, also neun Jahre später. Somit nach der Gründung der Football Association. Letztere bestand zwar vor allem außer Londoner Fußballvereinen, aber an der Gründung waren nicht nur Londoner Vereine beteiligt, sondern beispielsweise auch ein Vertreter des Sheffield FC anwesend. So geht es erstmal um die … Sheffield FC Rules (1858-1867) Die Entwürfe und erste veröffentlichte Fassung 1858 Der erste Entwurf Der Sheffield FC wurde am 24. Oktober 1857 vom Rechtsanwalt Nathaniel Creswick …

What the English teach us most of all was that the ball must not be kicked in the air, but rolled; that is the quintessence of the game

Veröffentlicht von Petra Tabarelli

On 19 February 1899 the Wiener Allgemeine Sport-Zeitung[1]Cf. NN: The Oxford team in Vienna. In: Allgemeine Sport-Zeitung [Vienna], 19.02.1899. p. 192. Last accessed: 04.03.2018. brought attention to the travel of the Oxford University Association Football Club to Austria for matches in Prague and Vienna during the Easter holidays. Oxford University AFC was 1899 a very successful club of the Football Association, still existing in 2018, but now playing in the league of the football teams of British universities and colleges of the Midlands region (around Birmingham). The matches against the Deutschen Fussball Club and Slavia (both from Prague) took place at the end of March, the matches in Vienna against a „mixed [nation] team“ and „German [Austrian] team“ of the Athletik-Sport-Club at the beginning of April. The article also introduces the players of Oxford University AFC with information about the previously attended college, size, weight, position and other sports they played. At 3:30 pm on 2nd April and 3rd April the matches were played in the Prater (now Ernst Happel Stadium).[2]Cf. NN: The Oxford team …

About injuries in football around 1900 in Germany

Veröffentlicht von Petra Tabarelli

The image that football sceptics and opponents formed in Germany at the end of the 19th century mixed the medical concern – that the human body could not cope with such a long and enduring effort – with the national ideology of gymnasts, and mixed statistics on injuries in football, rugby and American football. In 1893, the Westminster Gazette in threatening words titled the soccer game „71 blooming youngsters have been killed“. Football puts too much strain on the heart and lungs. And if that doesn’t lead to death, then it’s the violent way of playing that regularly bursts bones. And in addition this unnatural, forward bent posture, which is not at all German. – So the opponents of the football play like also other kinds of sports. The supporters of the sports, English men in Germany at the end of the 19th century and enthusiastic German, refuted the accusations. Again and again the sports newspapers and the DFB’s football yearbooks before the First World War was justifying why football was not as violent as …

Die ersten Sportzeitschriften

Veröffentlicht von Petra Tabarelli

Die Fußballberichterstattung kam in Deutschland wie in Österreich in den 1890er Jahren auf. Sportjournalisten gehörten zusammen mit Sportartikelherstellern und -händlern, Bau- und Transportunternehmern, Buchmachern und Getränkeherstellern zu den Personengruppen, die direkt vom modernen Sport profitierten. Die ersten Fachjournalisten waren meistens aktive Fußballer, die versuchten, auf diese Weise den Markt für diese neue Art der Zerstreuung zu erschließen. Die allererste Sportzeitschrift erschien aber bereits im Oktober 1792. „The Sporting Magazine, or Monthly Calendar of the Transactions of the Turf, the Chase and every other Diversion interesting to the Man of Pleasure, Enterprize, and Spirit“ ging es allerdings um die damals beliebtesten Sportarten der Oberschichten: Jagd und Pferderennen.[1]Behringer, Wolfgang: Kulturgeschichte des Sports. Vom antiken Olympia bis zur Gegenwart. München 2012. S. 236. Hier stelle ich die beiden Sportzeitungen Sport im Bild von Andrew Pitcairn-Knowles und Spiel und Sport von John Bloch vor. Sport im Bild Andrew Pitcairn-Knowles (1871-1956) war einer der ersten Sportjournalisten im Deutschland des späten 19. Jahrhunderts und bezeichnenderweise Engländer. Er wuchs als Sohn eines Wollhändlers in der Wiesbadener Engländerkolonie auf und studierte später …

Rules for determining the winner

Veröffentlicht von Petra Tabarelli

This article explains the different ways to decide a undecided game: Toss, touchdown, rouge, away goals, golden goal, silver goal and, of course, the kicks from the penalty mark. The toss The toss was for a long time the common method to determine a winner when a deciding game ended in a draw. It was listed in numerous rules of public schools, from the beginning in the FA Rules (exception: 1866/67), in the Sheffield FA Rules from 1871 and in the Laws of the Game of The IFAB from 1886 to 1970. Since 1898 the toss was only used for the latter, if the game was drawn after the extra time. Touchdown & Rouge Other variants in the 19th century to determine a winner in a tie were rouges and touchdowns. Touchdown The touchdown was part of the Cambridge University Rules of 1863 (not in previous editions) and the FA Rules in the season 1866/67. The FA Rules copied the touchdown from the Cambridge Rules, but revised it again after one year. In addition, …

The History of Football Rules and Laws

Veröffentlicht von Petra Tabarelli

How did the Football Rules and Laws of the Game evolve from the beginning of the 19th century? Let’s have a look… Football – a broad term for a game in which an object is mainly played with the foot – has existed since ancient times, as records from ancient Greece, the Roman Empire and China show. Also, in the late Middle Ages and the early modern period, i.e. between 1300 and 1800, the football game was known. In today’s Italy, France and England, there were games (or fights) lasting for days between individual cities in this time. The games were largely unregulated and used physical force or utensils such as pitchforks for defending win. Opponents of this kind of football games spread horror reports of numerous shearing injuries and deaths. In England until well into the 19th century a football game was popular in the lower classes, which is still played today at Shrovetide in some places and which is described in research as plebeian football. Football, the movement of a round object with …

Das Fußballregeln Laws of the Game Wordle 2016

Die Entwicklung der Fußballregeln und Fußballregelwerke

Veröffentlicht von Petra Tabarelli

Fußball – als weitgefasste Bezeichnung für ein Spiel, bei dem ein Gegenstand vor allem mit dem Fuß gespielt wird, – gibt es schon seit der Antike, wie Aufzeichnungen aus dem alten Griechenland, römischen Reich und auch China zeigen. Auch im Spätmittelalter und der Frühneuzeit, d.h. etwa zwischen 1300 und 1800, war das Fußball-Spiel bekannt. Im heutigen Italien, Frankreich und England gab es in dieser Zeit zwischen einzelnen Städten tagelange Spiele … oder Kämpfe, denn sie waren größtenteils unreglementiert und man bediente sich körperlicher Gewalt oder Utensilien wie beispielsweise Mistgabeln, um den Sieg für seine Gruppe zu erringen. Gegners dieser Art von Fußballspielen verbreiteten Horrormeldungen von zahlreichen Scherverletzten und Toten. Ob dieser Meldungen ganz oder teilweise der Wahrheit entsprechen, wurde noch nicht untersucht. In England war bis weit in das 19. Jahrhundert ein Fußballspiel in den unteren Klassen beliebt, dass heute noch an shrovetide in manchen Orten gespielt wird und das in der Forschung als plebian football beschrieben wird. Football, das Fortbewegen eines runden Gegenstandes mit den Füßen, wurde zwischen nahegelegenen Siedlungen gespielt. Allerdings erinnern die …

Law 14: The penalty kick

Veröffentlicht von Petra Tabarelli

In this article the development of the penalty kick is described. Year (Source) new or changed laws (proposing club/association, if known) 1891 (IFAB) Deliberately tripping or holding an opposing player, or deliberately handling the ball shall be penalized on appeal within the penalty area (12 yards in front of each goal) with a penalty kick. penalty area: within 12 yards of his own goal-line penalty mark: a line 12 yds in front of every goal. The penalty kick can be taken from any point 12 yards from the goal-line. It is specified that – with the exception of the player taking the penalty kick and the opposing goal-keeper – all player stand at least 6 yd behind the ball. The goalkeeper may approach the ball up to 6 yd until the penalty kick is taken. The ball is in play as soon as it’s kicked (all IFA). 1892 (IFAB) Repeated touching of the ball by the player taking the kick is prohibited (SFA). 1893 (IFAB) Pushing an opponent within the penalty area is added …

Law 13: Free kicks

Veröffentlicht von Petra Tabarelli

In this article the development of the free kick is described. In the beginning, the free kick was a reward and it was always indirect. The distinction between direct and indirect free kicks, which is completely normal today, only came about in the 1920s. Year (Source) new or changed laws (proposing club/association, if known) 1858 (Harrow Football) A free kick is a reward for fair catch, if you additionally call „three yards“. If in Harrow the ball was caught near the opponent’s goal, you could jump 3 yd for reaching the goal or went back and take a free kick as a place kick. 1858 (Sheffield FC) A free kick ist a reward for having first touched the ball after it into the touch or behind the goal. This reward was, depending on the place a throw-in, goal kick or corner kick. When taking a free kick, all players have to stay 6 yd away from the ball or stand on the goal line until the ball is kicked. All free kicks are indirect free …

Law 12: Fouls and misconduct

Veröffentlicht von Petra Tabarelli

In this article the development of the foul play and other misconduct are described. This includes the unfair, violent and dangerous conduct – thereof separated fouls on goalkeepers, the back-pass rule and DOGSO (Denying an obvious goalscoring opportunity) – and the handball – thereof separated the handball of goalkeepers. Unfair, violent and dangerous conduct Year (Source) new or changed laws (proposing club/association, if known) 1856 (Cambridge University) Holding, charging, tripping, intentional kicking. 1857 (Eton Field Game) Holding, charging, tripping, intentional kicking. 1858 (Harrow Football) Holding, charging, tripping, intentional kicking. 1858 (Sheffield FC) The first draft of the Sheffield FC Rules allows a player who performs a place kick (but not a goal kick) to be charged during the kick. This passage was deleted in the published Sheffield FC Rules. Holding and kicking a player was forbidden. 1862 (Blackheath FC) Holding, charging, tripping, intentional kicking, except attacking an opponent while running. 1862 (The Simplest Game) Holding, charging, tripping, intentional kicking. 1862 (Eton Field Game) All fouls with arms and hands. (With legs and feet allowed.) 1863 …

Law 11: Offside

Veröffentlicht von Petra Tabarelli

In this article the development of offside is described. Year (Source) new or changed laws (proposing club/association, if known) 1847 and following years (Eton Field Game) Offside: „Sneaking“ is when the attacking player is between the ball and the opposing goal and there are three or fewer opponents in front of him/her. Enabled a combination game here early on. 1858 (Sheffield FC) Offside: Someone who stand behind the touch line and goal line, is offside. 1858 (Harrow Football) Offside: was everyone who is closer to the opponent goal line than the ball. 1862 (The Simplest Game) Offside: was everyone who is closer to the opponent goal line than the ball. 1862 (Blackheath FC) Offside: was everyone who is closer to the opponent goal line than the ball. 1863 (Shrewsbury School) Offside: was everyone who is closer to the opponent goal line than the ball. 1863 (Cambridge University) Offside: was everyone who is closer to the opponent goal line than the ball. 1863 (FA) Offside: was everyone who is closer to the opponent’s goal line than …

Law 10: Determining the outcome of a match

Veröffentlicht von Petra Tabarelli

In this article the development of the determining the outcome of a match is described. • A goal is obtained when the ball crosses the goal line between the goal posts and – after their introduction – below the crossbar or rope. All football codes have that in common, whereby some codes from the first decades of the 19th century also allow the throwing of a goal. In fact, this description is not to be found in all rules and regulations, as it was all too unambiguous. Year (Source) new or changed laws (proposing club, if known) 1863 (FA) A goal is scored when the ball crosses the goal line between the goalposts from the field. 1866 (FA) A goal is scored when the ball crosses the goal line between the goalposts and below the goal rope (as a height limit). 1867 (Sheffield FA) A goal is scored when the ball crosses the goal line between the goalposts and below the goal band (as a height limit). 1872 (FA) Touching the goalposts is not a …

Law 9: The ball in and out of play

Veröffentlicht von Petra Tabarelli

In this article the development of the the laws on when the ball is still in play and when it is no longer in play are described. Until 1938, this laws comprised descriptions of the continuation of the game after the ball went into touch or behind the goal. The addition of throw-in, goal kick and corner kick made this obsolete. Since 1938, this law comprises a description when the ball is in and out the play – and that can be quickly described: If he leaves the field or the referee interrupts the game. This was described in more detail in the FA Rules from 1886 onwards in several rules. A brief summary: Ball in play Year (Source) new or changed laws (proposing club/association, if known) 1887 (IFAB) Addition: A ball on the line is in play. 1896 (IFAB) Addition: The ball remains in play even if it hits the corner flag, referee or assistant referee (FA). Ball out of play Year (Source) new or changed laws (proposing club/association, if known) 1888 …

Law 8: The start and restart of play

Veröffentlicht von Petra Tabarelli

In this article the development of the start and restart is described. This includes the dropped ball („Schiedsrichterball“). Year (Source) new or changed laws (proposing club/association, if known) 1847 and following years (Eton Field Game) Kick-off at the beginning: bully. At half time the ends are changed. 1858 (Harrow Football) Toss, except in school games, then the team of the headmaster has the side choice. Toss decides which team has the kick-off from the centre of the field. At half time the ends are changed. Kick-off from the middle of the field, halfway between the two goals. 1862 (The Simplest Game) Kick-off at the beginning: from the middle of the field, halfway between the two goals. All other players are at least 4 yd away from the ball until it has been kicked. 1862 (Sheffield FC / FA) & 1863 (FA) Toss. Toss decides which team has the kick-off from the centre of the field (Sheffield FA until 1878, FA until 1873). At every goal or a goalless half the ends are changed. Also the restart starts with …

Law 7: The duration of the match

Veröffentlicht von Petra Tabarelli

In this article the development of the duration of the match is described. Year (Source) new or changed laws (proposing club/association, if known) Except for the codices of Sheffield FC and later Sheffield FA, no code specifies the game and half time durations for almost the entire 19th century, nor the FA. 1858 (Sheffield FC and FA) The duration is 60 minutes. (After the Sheffield FA had adopted the FA Rules (1878), there were 19 years of no law that regulated the duration.) 1897 (IFAB) The duration of the game shall be 90 minutes, unless otherwise mutually agreed. The interval at half-time shall not exceed five minutes, except by consent of the referee. 1938 (IFAB) More accurate addition that the playing time is divided into two 45 minutes. Further addition that lost time is determined by the referee and is replayed at the end of each half and that the playing time for the execution of a penalty shot is extended. An abandoned game must always be replayed completely. 1959 (IFAB) Change: A abandoned match …

Law 6: The other match officials

Veröffentlicht von Petra Tabarelli

In this article the development of the other match officials is described. This includes the assistant referees (former: linesmen), the fourth official, the additional assistant referees, the reserve assistant referee and the assistant video assistant referee. Year (Source) new or changed laws (proposing club/association, if known) 1891 (IFAB) Assistant referees: Introduction of assistant referees. Duty: to decide when the ball is out of play, and which side has the throw-in, to decide which side is entitled to the corner kick or the goalkick. In addition, the referee has the duty, to report every undue interference by an assistant referee to the National Association. (FA). 1897 (IFAB) Assistant referees: Additional duty: to assist in carrying out the game according to the Laws. 1902 (IFAB) Assistant referees: Change: In case of undue interference by an assistant referee, the referee has the power to order him off and substitute him (FA). 1938 (IFAB) Assistant referees: Supplement that the assistant referees receive their flags from those who own the field of play (FAW). 1961 (IFAB) Assistant referees: Added task: They …

Law 5: The referee

Veröffentlicht von Petra Tabarelli

In this article the development of the referee and of the umpires before 1891 are described. • Umpires already existed in the first half of the 19th century at the football match of private schools. For Eton it is said that there was a mediating, judicially instance (1845) [1]Cf. Manganese, J. A.: Prologue. In: J. A. Manganese (Hg): Sport in Europe. Politics, Class, Gender. Preston 1999. p. iv-viii, here p. vii., which sat outside the playing field and act on invocation of the captains (a kind of player-trainer-manager) after they could not agree. The association game at the end of the 19th century was neither fairer nor more unfair than it is today, so a referee was necessary. For already in this century there were numerous attempts to deceive the umpires and referee, be it by concealed fouls, constant „hand!“ and „offside!“ calls and other actions that have not changed at all. „You know very well that that last shot was not a goal,“ said an unknown referee to a player at the end of …

Law 4: The player’s equipment

Veröffentlicht von Petra Tabarelli

In this article the development of the player’s equipment is described. Year (Source) new or changed laws (proposing club/association, if known) 1st half in 19th century The early rules and regulations of English public schools and universities do not give any information about players‘ equipment except for the colour of their clothing. However, coloured drawings of football matches from the half century of the 19th century show that jerseys, overknee length shorts and boots were already used as clothing. If the jersey and shorts were not uniform or similar in colour, the teams wore different caps or one team wore a (non-uniform) cap, the other has none. So spectators could recognize the players, the colour of their caps was printed in newspaper reports in addition to the names of the players. [1]Cf. Brown, Paul: Please do not strain the ropes – a football programme from 1875. In: Goalpost. URL: http://www.goalpostbooks.co.uk/please-do-not-strain-the-ropes/. 1858 (Sheffield FC) Colours: Sheffield FC mainly played in the first years matches within the club. Different coloured caps were prescribed to distinguish the …

Law 3: The number of players

Veröffentlicht von Petra Tabarelli

In this article the development of the number of players and of the substitution are described. Number of Players 1967 (IFAB)Up to two players per team are allowed to be substituted independent of an injury in matches which are not played under the rules of a competition or if the international or national association(s) have allowed substitution. The referee must be informed of the names of the substitutes before the start of the game.2000 (IFAB)In friendly matches, no greater number of substitutions is allowed than in competition games (SFA). Year (Source) new or changed laws (proposing club/association, if known) Diverse reports about football matches before 1870 There wasn’t a written regulation how many players of a team had to participate in a game at the same time and how many were allowed to do so. There were the variants with eight players and with eleven players or only the requirement that there must be an equal number of players on both sides. At least in the FA, however, the variant with eleven players seems …

Law 2: The Ball

Veröffentlicht von Petra Tabarelli

In this article the development of the ball is described. Year (Source) new or changed laws (proposing club/association, if known) 1883 (IFAB) The circumference had to be 27-28 ins before the beginning of the game. 1880s (IFAB) The home club provides the ball. The ball must be returned to the club after the match. 1889 (IFAB) The weight must be 13-15 oz at the beginning of the game. 1905 (IFAB) The ball must not have anything on it that can injure a player (FA). 1937 (IFAB) Weight increase to 14-16 ounces. 1938 (IFAB) Supplement that the weight refers to the start of the game. Supplement that the shape of the ball is spherical. If the ball becomes defective, it’s replaced. The game continues with a dropped ball at the point where the ball becomes deflective. 1954 (IFAB) Addition that the ball may only be exchanged after the referee’s approval (FAW). 1965 (IFAB) Supplement that other, not further named materials are allowed if they are approved (IFAB). 1967 (IFAB) The pressure of the ball must …

Law 1: The Field of Play

Veröffentlicht von Petra Tabarelli

In this article the development of the field of play is described. Field dimensions Year (Source) new or changed laws (proposing club/association, if known) 1858 (Harrow Football) length: 150 yd, width: 100 yd („in House matches“) 1863 (Cambridge University) l: 150 yd, w: 100 yd. 1863 (Shrewsbury School) l: 150 yd, w: 120 yd. 1863 (FA) l: 200 yd, w: 100 yd. 1867 (Sheffield FA) l: 200 yd, w: 100 yd. 1875 (FA) l: 100-200 yd, w: 50-100 yd (Royal Engineers). 1897 (IFAB) l: 100-130 yd, w: 50-100 yd. International matches: l: 110-120 yd, w: 70-80 yd. 1997 (IFAB) The field must be rectangular and the touch line is the longer side. Additional information in the metric system. Determination of the height and shape of the flag posts. 2008 (IFAB) Addition where flag posts must be placed. International matches: l: 100-120 yd, w: 50-100 yd. International A matches: l: 115 yd, w: 75 yd. Field surface Year (Source) new or changed laws (proposing club/association, if known) 2004 (IFAB) It is no longer necessary to …